What is a Buddhist?
by Rev. Nobuo Haneda
All views are perverted views. No
view is the right view.
—Prajna-paramit.a Sutra
Ever since I came to this country from Japan, I have noticed
one major difference between American Buddhists and Japanese Buddhists. The
difference is that American Buddhists like to identify themselves as Buddhists,
saying, “I’m a Buddhist,” whereas, in Japan people seldom identify
themselves as Buddhists. As a matter of fact, when I lived in Japan I never said
to my friends, “I am a Buddhist.”
Every time I hear Americans identify themselves as Buddhists,
I have a mixed--comfortable and uncomfortable--feeling about it. I have this
mixed feeling because I sense in their words both admirable and erroneous
elements. Let me discuss these two elements.
First, the admirable element is this: Americans identify
themselves as Buddhists because they take Buddhism seriously, whereas, Japanese
do not do so because they do not take Buddhism seriously. They regard Buddhism
only as part of their traditional culture; they do not regard it as a personal
religion. But, for some Americans, Buddhism is a personal religion, an exciting
new religion in which they should be personally involved. This is an admirable
element I see in American Buddhists.
Now let me discuss what I consider an erroneous element. I
feel uncomfortable when I hear people identify themselves as Buddhists because I
sense some kind of religious pride or arrogance. The majority of people in this
country are Christians. Thus people who take up non-Christian religions have a
sense of rivalry with Christianity. Some of them believe that Buddhism is
superior to Christianity. In order to assert their superiority they say that
they are Buddhists, not Christians. But if people use the word “Buddhist” to
feel superior to others, they are doing something unjustified in
Buddhism--something totally against Buddhism. Buddhism does not allow us to be
attached to any form of label or identity, or to indulge in any form of
self-love or self-enhancement.
I am not saying that we should not identify ourselves as
“Buddhists.” It is all right to do so. But we must have a clear idea as to
what we mean by the word. What, then, is “Buddhist”? When we say we are
Buddhists, how are we viewing other religions such as Christianity? What is the
relationship between Buddhism and other religions? Here I want to discuss these
questions.
Since I cannot adequately discuss these questions without
referring to my personal background, let me talk about it. In my life, three
individuals have exerted considerable spiritual influence on me. I consider them
my teachers. Let me start with the first teacher.
When I was a junior high school student, I met a teacher, Mr.
Kéisuke Itoh. Mr. Itoh had difficult experiences when he was young. During
World War II he was a Japanese solider and was put into a concentration camp in
Siberia. He was forced to engage in hard labor there. I heard that many of his
friends starved to death. Because of this difficult experience in Siberia, he
became a Christian. After he came back to Japan, he became a schoolteacher. Mr.
Itoh was so different from other teachers. When he taught in the class, I could
tell that he was searching for the meaning of his own life. He often challenged
us to reflect upon our lives. He usually looked depressed and gloomy. So, many
classmates of mine, young teenagers who loved cheerful teachers, did not like
him at all. He was too serious for them. But somehow I was attracted to this
teacher. Since I was very young at that time, I do not think I fully understood
him. But I was deeply impressed by the serious manner in which he was teaching
us. Because he was a Christian, I became interested in Christianity.
Now let me talk about my second teacher, whom I met when I
was a high school student. Since I was impressed by Mr. Itoh, a Christian, I
started to attend a Christian church when I was in high school. One day, I
attended a class for young adults in the church. There were several high school
boys and girls. Since I was attending a boys’ high school, and the boys were
quite rough, I needed to see some girls at least once a week; this was
absolutely necessary for my mental health.
When I attended the class, one cute girl asked me, “Mr.
Haneda, what kind of novelist do you like best?” This was a tough question,
because in those days I was interested only in baseball and fishing. I was not
academically inclined at all; I had not read any significant books. But a really
cute girl was asking me the question. I had to impress her. I could not say,
“I don’t read any books.” If I had said so, it would have sounded so dumb.
So, I seriously thought “What have I read, what have I read?” Then, I
remembered that I had read one short story by Leo Tolstoy. So, I told her,
“Yeah, I, of course, like Leo Tolstoy. He wrote War and Peace and Anna
Karenina.” (Although I had never read these novels, I knew he wrote them.)
She was very much impressed. So it was okay at that time. But it was not okay
after that, because she thought I was a specialist on Tolstoy and started asking
me questions about him. So, I had to read Tolstoy. I rushed to a bookstore and
bought War and Peace and Anna
Karenina, huge books. I really thought that I should have told her that I
loved 0. Henry or Jack London. They would have been much easier to read. But, I
said ‘1~olstoy,” so I had no choice. Initially I forced myself to read
Tolstoy. Then, gradually I started to love Tolstoy. So when one year had passed,
I was more in love with Tolstoy than with that girl. Although Leo Tolstoy is
commonly known as a novelist, he was actually a very religious person. When he
was around fifty, after he wrote Anna
Karenina, he experienced a so-called religious conversion. Most of his later
writings were religious writings. I consider Tolstoy my second teacher. So, when
I chose my major in college, I chose Russian. I wanted to be a translator of
Tolstoy.
Now let me talk about my third teacher. I was in college in
the late sixties. In 1969 I was a senior. One day I went to a bookstore and
bought a commentary on Goethe’s Faust, a
famous German story. The commentator’s name was Shuichi Maida. I had never
heard of him. When I read the commentary on Faust,
I was really impressed, not by the story of Faust but by what the commentator Maida said about Faust.
Although I had not known it, the commentator was a Buddhist and was
interpreting Faust from a Buddhist standpoint. In the book Maida used many
Buddhist terms, such as Arnida, Shakyamuni, and Shinran. Up to that time, I had
no interest in Buddhism at all. To me Buddhism had been part of our obsolete
culture. But the Buddhism that I found in Maida was so fresh, new, and relevant
to my life. Then, I went back to the same bookstore and bought other books
written by him. I started to study Buddhism at that time. That was the turning
point in my life. From that time on, for the last thirty years, I have been
studying Buddhism.
Now I have talked about the three teachers, Mr. Itoh,
Tolstoy, and Maida. If I describe them with traditional labels, they are quite
different. Mr. Itoh was a Christian. Tolstoy was a Russian novelist. Maida was a
Buddhist. But in my mind, I cannot differentiate these three people. They form
what I am today.
A friend of mine once asked me, “Mr. Haneda, how did you
make the switch? How did you switch from Christianity to Buddhism and from
Russian literature to Buddhism?” When I was asked this question, I did not
know how to answer it because I did not feel that I had ever made a switch from
Christianity or Russian literature to Buddhism.
By getting to know Buddhism, I came to have a deeper
appreciation of Christianity and Russian literature. For me, I do not see any
conflict in studying Christianity and Buddhism, or in studying Russian
literature and Buddhism. Actually, studying Christianity or Russian literature
is part of my study of Buddhism. For me, studying Buddhism does not mean reading
the so-called “Buddhist writings” per se. It means studying all kinds of
things, such as Christianity and Russian literature.
To me, Buddhism means realizing an all-embracing attitude,
nothing else. It means realizing a broad and empty mind that can encompass
all. It means realizing a position in which I can learn and appreciate all kinds
of things--a position in which I do not assume any relative or antagonistic
relationships with them.
I can talk about this with a simple illustration. Suppose
there is a basket that contains all kinds of fruits such as an apple, an orange,
a peach, a pear, etc. To me, religions that have fixed dogmas or creeds are like
fruits in the basket. We can compare these religions just as we can compare the
fruits in the basket. But Buddhism is not a fruit in the basket; it is itself
the basket that holds all kinds of fruits. Buddhism has no fixed dogma, creed,
or doctrine. If Buddhism has it, then it can be compared with another dogma. But
Buddhism does not have any dogma or creed that can be compared. We can compare
an apple with an orange, or an orange with a peach. But we cannot compare an
apple with a basket.
Here some people may disagree with me and say that there are
doctrines, ideas and concepts, in Buddhism. Yes, there are certainly ideas and
concepts taught in Buddhism. But they are not “fixed” doctrines to be
attached or carried around by us. They are cures for sickness, They are
something like “Drano” that is used for eliminating a clog in a pipe. When
water regains its smooth and natural flow, “Drano” is no longer necessary.
Buddhist ideas and concepts are antidotes against the poison of human
attachment. Since we are attached to various objects, Buddhist teachers
challenge us with ideas such as “impermanence” and “emptiness” and
destroy our attachment. These ideas are totally different from the dogmas that
many other religions have.
Let me discuss the basic meaning of “Buddhism” or
“Buddhist” by referring to a famous parable about five blind men who attempt
to define an elephant. The first blind man touches the tail of an elephant and
says, “Now I know what the elephant is. It is like a rope.” The second blind
man touches its leg and declares that it is like a tree. The third, fourth, and
fifth blind men respectively touch its body, nose, and ear and declares that it
is like a wall, a hose, and a fan. These five blind men are firmly convinced
that they are absolutely right in their understanding. So they start to fight
among themselves.
Then what does it mean to become a “Buddhist” in this
context? Here, we must talk about another, sixth, blind man. Then who is the
sixth blind man? He is a person who has touched all those five parts of the
animal. He is well aware that the elephant has all kinds of parts. He knows that
all those five blind men are both right and wrong. He knows that all of them are
right, partially right, because they are touching a part of an elephant. But at
the same time he knows that all of them are wrong in their view that they have
an absolutely correct understanding. The “Buddhist,” the sixth blind man,
can identify with all those five blind men, but, at the same time, he cannot
agree with them when they say that their own respective views are the only
truth. Those five blind men have their fixed positions and they cannot help
fighting, whereas the sixth blind man has no position with which he can fight
with others. A “Buddhist” is a person who can identify with all human
assertions in some way or other, but cannot consider any one assertion the
absolute truth.
The most important thing in Buddhism is the realization of a
humble attitude, a broad and empty
mind, or an all-encompassing mind. This all-embracing mind is called “Amida
Buddha.” In the sutra called the Larger
Sulthavativyuha-sutra, we read a story in which Dharmakara becomes a Buddha
by the name of Amida Buddha. Dharmakara initially vows that he will become a
Buddha and create a land where he will encompass all beings. Then, he takes up
practices to become a Buddha. His main practice is visiting and worshipping many
Buddhas in the ten directions, and studying under them.
The more Buddhas he visits and worships, the humbler he
becomes. The humbler he becomes, the more Buddhas he visits and worships. In
this way, the number of Buddhas he discovers increases. When he discovers
innumerable Buddhas and his whole being becomes worshipping and studying, his
Buddhahood is fulfilled. He becomes a Buddha by the name of ‘Namu Amida Butsu
(Bowing Amida Buddha).” Here “Bowing” is part of his name. In this way
Amida Buddha symbolizes the spirit of a perfect student. He has realized an
ocean-like mind that can study and appreciate innumerable Buddhas in the ten
directions.
In one verse in his Jodo
Wasan, Shinran Shonin says, “I’aking refuge in the Pure Land of Amida
Buddha means taking refuge in all Buddhas.” His words mean the following.
Amida Buddha is all-encompassing spirit itself. When we go to see Amida Buddha
in the Pure Land, we just meet the spirit of a perfect student. In his mind we
fmd only innumerable Buddhas whom he is studying and worshipping. We do not find
in him any attachment to his own ideas or thoughts. The contents of his mind are
“all Buddhas.” Thus Amida is a container of all Buddhas. He just encourages
us, just like Amida himself, to discover innumerable Buddhas, visit them, and
study under them.
I met my teacher Maida. This does not mean that I have
learned a doctrine called “Buddhism” from him. I have not received any fixed
idea or thought from him. The only thing I learn from Maida is the spirit of a
perfect student. He was nothing but a student. His humble spirit of a student
has challenged all the ideas, notions, and opinions that I cherish. I have been
reduced to an ignorant student. I have gained a position in which I can
appreciate all kinds of teachers and teachings. He encourages me to discover
“innumerable Buddhas in the ten directions” such as Shakyamuni, Shinran,
Shakespeare, Goethe, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Gandhi, and Schweizer, and study under
them.
In summary, there are two ways of defining “Buddhism.”
One is identifying it with a fruit in the basket. The other is identifying it
with the basket itself.
If “Buddhism” is a fruit in the basket--a specific
doctrine, such a Buddhism is so narrow and limited; it is not the true Buddhism.
If “Buddhism” is a doctrine that can be compared with other doctrines, that
is a misunderstanding of what Shakyamuni taught. If “Buddhism” means such a
limited thing, I do not want to become a “Buddhist.” I do not want to be
called a “Buddhist.” But if “Buddhism” means the basket itself, if it
means the realization of a broad and empty mind, an ocean-like mind, an
all-encompassing mind, I want to become a “Buddhist.” If “Buddhist”
means a person who can worship all kinds of teachers and study under them, I
want to be called a “Buddhist.”
Don’t become a fruit in the basket! Become the basket! Appreciate all kinds of fruits in the basket! Buddhism is appreciating all kinds of teachers and teachings. There are so many wonderful teachers and teachings in the world. Let’s forget labels such as Christianity, Islam, etc. Let’s forget even the labels such as “Buddhism,” “‘Zen,” or “Shin.” Let us study from all. We are, after all, all human beings. We share the same human suffering and the same human aspirations. We do not have to be trapped by superficial labels and identities.